Growth of Rural Retailing in India with Reference to Kolhapur District

The aim of the study is to identify the growth of  rural retailing  in India with reference to Kolhapur district. A decade ago, the rural market was more unstructured and was not a prioritized target location for corporate. There were no innovative approach and advertisement campaigns. A distribution system did exist, but was feeble. Illiteracy and lack of technology were the other factors leading to the poor reach of merchandise and lower level of awareness amongst villagers. Gradually, corporate realized that there was saturation, stiff competition and clutter in the urban market, and a demand was building up in rural areas. Seeing the vast potential of 70% of Indians living in rural areas, they started focusing on these unexplored, high-potential areas. In India totally there are 5, 70,000 villages and nearly 60 percent of the rural income comes from agriculture. As a result, retail outlets have sprung up in practically all the villages that store merchandises of various brands and categories. To attract the customers, rural retailing requires separate retailing approach for the retailing mix elements include, Merchandise, Cost, Location and Advertisements which could be formulated after studying the market carefully. Merchandise itself might require modifications due to different nature of population, pricing have to be carefully designed since rural consumers unlike their urban counterparts spend less on consumer merchandise, location have to be decided for easy accessibility and promoting the merchandise to encourage the sales. Retailing Strategy is affected by various factors like Type of merchandise (Durable or non-durable), profile of target market, and facilities available for using retailing mix etc. Keywords: Retailing approach, Rural Retailers, Merchandise, Cost, Location, and Advertisement. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-13-05 Publication date:May 31st 202

Subclasses of Analytic and Multivalent Functions Defined by Extended Derivative Operator of Ruscheweyh’s Type

By means of certain extended derivative operator of Ruscheweyh’s type, we introduce and investigate two new subclasses of p-valently analytic functions of complex order. The various results obtained here for each of these subclasses included coefficient estimate, distortion theorem, radius of starlikeness, convexity and closure theorem. Keywords & Phrases: - Multivalent function, coefficient estimate, distortion theorem, radius of starlikeness, differential operator

Study of Municipal Solid Waste Management using Biogas Projects (Spl. Ref. to Mailhem Ikos Environment)

The fast growing urbanization affects the acute problem of Solid Waste Management. The per capita waste generation in India has 150 Million Ton (Per Day). In India out of total Maharashtra state has maximum of solid waste generation. Such situation has created a stress on infrastructure, environment, human health & budgetary resources. The total quantity of per day waste generation is 1600 to 1700 metric tons in Pune Municipal Corporation. Thus it is necessary to make the proper management of solid waste. i.e. collection  of waste, transportation, segregation, storage & waste reduction at source processing & disposal. This study emphasizes on the assessment of detail process of solid waste management by using Bio Energy Projects: Mailhem Ikos process plant

Lucy Richardson and Mean Modified Wiener Filter for Construction of Super-Resolution Image

The ultimate goal of the Super-Resolution (SR) technique is to generate the High-Resolution (HR) image by combining the corresponding images with Low-Resolution (LR), which is utilized for different applications such as surveillance, remote sensing, medical diagnosis, etc. The original HR image may be corrupted due to various causes such as warping, blurring, and noise addition. SR image reconstruction methods are frequently plagued by obtrusive restorative artifacts such as noise, stair casing effect, and blurring. Thus, striking a balance between smoothness and edge retention is never easy. By enhancing the visual information and autonomous machine perception, this work presented research to improve the effectiveness of SR image reconstruction The reference image is obtained from DIV2K and BSD 100 dataset, these reference LR image is converted as composed LR image using the proposed Lucy Richardson and Modified Mean Wiener (LR-MMWF) Filters. The possessed LR image is provided as input for the stage of bicubic interpolation. Afterward, the initial HR image is obtained as output from the interpolation stage which is given as input for the SR model consisting of fidelity term to decrease residual between the projected HR image and detected LR image. At last, a model based on Bilateral Total Variation (BTV) prior is utilized to improve the stability of the HR image by refining the quality of the image. The results obtained from the performance analysis show that the proposed LR-MMW filter attained better PSNR and Structural Similarity (SSIM) than the existing filters. The results obtained from the experiments show that the proposed LR-MMW filter achieved better performance and provides a higher PSNR value of 31.65dB whereas the Filter-Net and 1D,2D CNN filter achieved PSNR values of 28.95dB and 31.63dB respectively

Study of tractive efficiency as an effect of ballast and tire inflation pressure in sandy loam soil

The experiments were conducted in sandy loam soil in stubble field.  Tillage operations were performed using   55 hp tractor with two bottom mouldboard plough and disc plough for four combinations of rear and front ballast (i.e. no ballast, 90 daN front, 90 daN front and 200 daN rear, 200 daN rear) and four combinations of inflation pressure in front and rear tires (i.e. 90 kPa rear and 140 kPa front, 90 kPa rear and 200 kPa front, 130 kPa rear and 140 kPa front and 130 kPa rear and 200 kPa front tire) to study their effects on tractive efficiency of tractor for primary tillage operations.  The test was conducted at recommended speed of operation 2.7 - 4 km h-1.  It was found from the results that combination of 200 daN rear ballast and inflation pressure of 130 kPa at rear, 200 kPa at front was found suitable for improving the performance of agricultural tractor with maximum tractive efficiency of 72.43% and 71.27% for mouldboard plough and disc plough respectively.   Keywords: tractor, ballast, inflation pressure, plough, tractive efficiency, sandy loam, primary tillag

Pathogenic and Molecular Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri Causing Chickpea Wilt through ISSR Markers

In the present investigation the pathogenic and genetic variability was assayed, amongst the seven isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri (Foc) collected from different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra State, India. The isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri were confirmed by SCAR marker which yielded 1.5 KD band. The pathogenicity of each isolate was confirmed using the wilt susceptible chickpea genotype JG-62. On the basis of pathogenic ability the isolates were grouped as highly pathogenic (FOC-2, FOC-5, FOC-6), strongly pathogenic (FOC-1,FOC-3) and moderately pathogenic (FOC-4,FOC-7). Eight Inter Simple Sequence Repeats primers (ISSRs) were used to determine the genetic variability in seven isolates Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. The seven primers produced 80 scorable bands. Off 80 bands, 73 bands were polymorphic and average level of polymorphism was 91.25 per cent. In UPGMA analysis, Foc-1 (Wardha) was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (0.8375) whereas Foc-2 (Lonar) was found to have lower value of similarity coefficient (0.4625). The isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri were grouped into two major clusters. First group, cluster-A includes isolates belonging to Wardha, Washim and Lonar. Second group, cluster-B includes Nashik, Ahmednagar, Rahuri and Pune. It shows that Foc-1 (Wardha) have higher value of similarity coefficient with Foc-3 (Washim) whereas Foc-2 (Lonar) have lower value of similarity coefficient with Foc-5 (Ahmednagar).The similarity matrix indicated that seven isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri exhibited in between 46-84 per cent similarity coefficient

Floral bud distortion in soybean and incidence in Central India

We describe a peculiar and often harmful budding disorder in soybean, leading to huge yield loss in India. To determine the prevalence of floral distortion in soybean, an extensive random roving survey was undertaken in the soybean-growing regions of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and the adjoining part of Karnataka states during two successive seasons of kharif (monsoon-planted) crops – Oct 2010 and Sept 2011. The average rate of the disorder ranged from 8.0% to 14.6% and severity from 2.0 to 90.0% during 2010 and 2011, respectively. Affected plants were found to have either no or deformed pods and distorted flowers, and they remained green after maturity. All the soybean varieties grown in the surveyed region (i.e. JS 335, JS 93-05, JS 73-23, JS 95-60, AMS-MB-5-19, CO-2, Bragg, JS 10-44, Samrat) were affected by the disorder. The PCR-based diagnosis revealed the absence of phytoplasma in symptomatic soybean samples.Keywords: Glycine max, chlorosis, green stem, thickening and twisting stem, yield loss

Overcoming Poor Solubility of Dimenhydrinate: Development, Optimization and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Oral Film

Purpose: To develop fast dissolving oral film to address vomiting and nausea in pediatric population. Methods: Oral films of Dimenhydrinate were prepared by solvent casting method by using hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose E5 (HPMC E5), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and croscarmellose sodium. Solubility of dimenhydrinate was enhanced by ethanol as a co-solvent. To make dimenhydrinate palatable sodium saccharin and peppermint oil were used. All films were evaluated for mechanical parameters, surface pH, morphology, disintegration time and percent dissolution. Results: Films were smooth, acceptable and white in colour. For optimized batch, drug content (99.106%), disintegration time (25 sec), dissolution (99.10% in 210 sec), surface pH (6.81) were acceptable. Conclusion: Optimized batch, due to its potential to deliver through fast dissolving film, can be developed for clinical use